Synchronizing 5G Mobile Networks

A comprehensive technical overview of synchronization and timing solutions within telecommunications, with a specific focus on 4G and 5G mobile networks. It explores the historical necessity of synchronization, progressing from frequency alignment for digital networks to the modern requirement for phase and time synchronization driven by mobile base stations and new radio technologies. A significant portion of the text addresses the implementation and management of timing solutions, detailing protocols like Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE), including their various ITU-T profiles and performance metrics such as time error, jitter, and wander. Furthermore, the text examines the architecture...